Systems and methods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification

ABSTRACT

An apparatus, system, and method are provided for energy conversion. For example, the apparatus can include a trans-impedance node, a reactive element, and a trans-impedance circuit. The reactive element can be configured to transfer energy to the trans-impedance node. The trans-impedance circuit can be configured to receive one or more control signals and to dynamically adjust an impedance of the trans-impedance node. The trans-impedance node, as a result, can operate as an RF power switching supply based on the one or more control signals.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/541,201, filed Nov. 14, 2014, titled “Systems and Methods ofRF Power Transmission, Modulation, and Amplification,” which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/442,706 , filed Apr.9, 2012, titled “Systems and Methods of RF Power Transmission,Modulation, and Amplification,” which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/457,487, filed Apr. 8, 2011,titled “Systems and Methods of RF Power Transmission, Modulation, andAmplification,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/256,172, filed Oct. 24, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,723, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/508,989, filed Aug. 24, 2006, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,355,470, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/236,079,filed Sep. 23, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,272, all of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Field

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems andmethods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification. Moreparticular, embodiments of the present invention relate to energyconversion from an AC or DC power source to a modulated RF carriersignal.

Background

A switched non-linear power supply is an electronic power supply thattransfers power from a power source (e.g., AC or DC power source) to aload, while converting voltage and current characteristics. An advantageof switched power supplies, among others, over linear power supplies ispower efficiency. Other advantages of switched power supplies overlinear power supplies are their smaller size, lighter weight, and lowerheat generation (due to their higher power efficiency). Typically,switched or non-linear power supplies are used as DC-to-DC or AC-to-DCconverters for the purpose of generating a specific DC voltage.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention utilize elements of switching ornon-linear power supply architectures and design techniques to generatea modulated RF carrier signal.

An embodiment of the present invention includes an apparatus for energyconversion. The apparatus can include the following: a trans-impedancenode; a reactive element configured to transfer energy to thetrans-impedance node; and, a trans-impedance circuit configured toreceive one or more control signals and to dynamically adjust animpedance of the trans-impedance node, where the trans-impedance nodegenerates an RF signal based on the one or more control signals. Thereactive element can be an inductor, where the inductor can store andtransfer energy from an AC or a DC power source to the trans-impedancenode. The trans-impedance circuit can include a multiple input/singleoutput (MISO) operator. The MISO operator can be configured to reducepower flow into the trans-impedance node towards the MISO operator andto increase power flow towards an output. Further, the trans-impedancecircuit can be configured to generate a plurality of variable dynamicload lines at the trans-impedance node based on the one or more controlsignals.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes a system for energyconversion. The system can include a power source, an energy converter,a matching network, and an antenna. The energy converter can include thefollowing: a trans-impedance node; a reactive element configured totransfer energy from the power source to the trans-impedance node; and,a trans-impedance circuit configured to receive one or more controlsignals and to dynamically adjust an impedance of the trans-impedancenode, where the trans-impedance node generates an RF signal based on theone or more control signals. Further, the energy converter can befabricated on a separate chip from the power source, matching network,and antenna.

A further embodiment of the present invention includes a method forenergy conversion. The method can include the following: transferringenergy from a reactive element to a trans-impedance node; receiving, ata trans-impedance circuit, one or more control signals; and, dynamicallyadjusting, with the trans-impedance circuit, an impedance of thetrans-impedance node, where the trans-impedance node generates an RFsignal based on the one or more control signals. The transferring stepcan include transferring energy from an AC or a DC power source to thetrans-impedance node. The dynamically adjusting step can includereducing power flow into the trans-impedance node towards a multipleinput/single output (MISO) operator and increasing power flow towards anoutput away from the MISO operator. Further, the dynamically adjustingstep can include generating a plurality of variable dynamic load linesat the trans-impedance node based on the one or more control signals.

Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as thestructure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention,are described in detail below with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specificembodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein forillustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent topersons skilled in the relevant art based on the teachings containedherein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a partof the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present inventionand, together with the description, further serve to explain theprinciples of the invention and to enable a person skilled in therelevant art to make and use the invention.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of an energy conversionsystem.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an energy conversion system with exemplarywaveforms associated therewith.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of an embodiment of an energy conversionsystem with a multiple input/single output (MISO) operator.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary set of fixed load lines for abipolar junction transistor.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an exemplary set of variable dynamic loadlines generated by a MISO operator, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of an exemplary sequence of classtransitioning for a MISO-based energy converter design, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an embodiment of a method for energyconversion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawingsthat illustrate exemplary embodiments consistent with this invention.Other embodiments are possible, and modifications can be made to theembodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, thedetailed description is not meant to limit the scope of the invention.Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

It would be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art that thepresent invention, as described below, can be implemented in manydifferent embodiments of software, hardware, firmware, and/or theentities illustrated in the figures. Thus, the operational behavior ofembodiments of the present invention will be described with theunderstanding that modifications and variations of the embodiments arepossible, given the level of detail presented herein.

This specification discloses one or more embodiments that incorporatethe features of this invention. The disclosed embodiment(s) merelyexemplify the invention. The scope of the invention is not limited tothe disclosed embodiment(s). The invention is defined by the claimsappended hereto.

The embodiment(s) described, and references in the specification to “oneembodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicatethat the embodiment(s) described may include a particular feature,structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarilyinclude the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover,such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic isdescribed in connection with an embodiment, it is understood that it iswithin the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature,structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodimentswhether or not explicitly described.

An energy converter can convert electrical energy of one type toelectrical energy of another type. The statistics of an input potentialenergy to the energy converter can be different from the statistics ofoutput energy from the energy converter. For example, the conversion ofone statistic at an input of the energy converter to a differentstatistic at an output of the energy converter can be subject toinformation entropy (which can be modulated onto an output waveform) andthe nature of the energy conversion apparatus at the input. With thisdefinition of an energy converter, which is used throughout thespecification, any form of electrical energy (e.g., AC or DC energy) canbe consumed at the input of the energy converter and modulated toproduce a desired modulated RF carrier at the output of the energyconverter. Therefore, the term “energy converter” has a specific meaningas used in the description below.

The above definition of “energy converter” contrasts characteristics ofa traditional amplifier. For example, as would be understood by a personskilled in the relevant art, a traditional amplifier is not designed toaccept an input that possesses an arbitrary statistic with respect to anoutput of the amplifier. Rather, amplifiers are typically designed toreproduce the essential statistic of the input at its output withadditional power increase due to a power supply of the amplifier that isconsumed during the amplification process.

Further, for typical amplifier designs, the input to the amplifier mustpossess a carrier frequency consistent with the output of the amplifierand the cross-correlation of the input and output should be as close to1 as possible or meet minimum output waveform requirements of theamplifier. For example, a traditional amplifier requires a modulated RFcarrier signal to be coupled to its input and an amplified version ofthe input modulated RF carrier signal at the output. This requirement isin addition to accounting for noise and non-linearities in the amplifierdesign.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of an energy conversionsystem 100. Energy conversion system 100 is configured to convertelectrical energy from a power source (e.g., AC or DC power source) intoa modulated RF carrier signal. In an embodiment, energy conversionsystem 100 can reproduce baseband I/Q data (from control circuit 150) asRF amplitude, frequency, phase modulation at an RF Pout node 160. Abenefit of energy conversion system 100, among others, is that theconversion system minimizes energy lost (entropy) in converting energyfrom power source 110 to the modulated RF carrier signal at RF Pout node160, as a person skilled in the relevant art will recognize based on thedescription herein.

Energy conversion system 100 includes a power source 110, an energyconverter 120, a matching network 130, an antenna 140, and a controlcircuit 150. For exemplary purposes, power source 110 is depicted as aDC power source (e.g., a battery). However, based on the descriptionherein, a person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that powersource 110 can be other types of power sources such as, for example andwithout limitation, an AC power source. These other types of powersources are within the spirit and scope of the embodiments describedherein.

In an embodiment, power source 110, energy converter 120, matchingnetwork 130, antenna 140, control circuit 150, or a combination thereofcan be integrated on the same chip (e.g., system on a chip). In anotherembodiment, energy converter 120 can be integrated on a single chip,receive an energy input from external power source 110, receive one ormore control signals from external control circuit 150, and deliver anoutput signal to external matching network 130. For example, energyconverter 120 can be fabricated on a monolithic silicon die (e.g.,SiGe).

Matching network 130 is configured to provide an impedance path betweenenergy converter 120 and RF Pout node 160 to maximize power transferand/or minimize reflections from RF Pout node 160. In an embodiment,matching network 130 includes a DC block, an RF filter, and an RF load(not shown in FIG. 1). Antenna 140 is configured to transmit themodulated RF carrier signal. Matching circuits and antennas are wellknown to a person skilled in the relevant art.

Energy converter 120 includes a reactive element 122 and atrans-impedance circuit 124. Reactive element 122 can be an inductor Laccording to an embodiment of the present invention. Trans-impedancecircuit 124 receives one or more control signals from control circuit150. In an embodiment, the one or more control signals (also referred toherein as “an information stream”) can be derived from in-phase (I) andquadrature (Q) phase data streams. In another embodiment, theinformation stream can be translated into serial sigma-delta format witha separate synchronous clock.

In yet another embodiment, algorithms associated with trans-impedancecircuit 124 can be non-linear and feed forward, in which the informationstream received by trans-impedance circuit 124 can be parsed into twomore parallel paths. These two or more parallel paths are also referredto herein as “information control paths.” The information stream can beparsed into one or more amplitude information control paths, one or morephase information control paths, one or more frequency informationcontrol paths, or a combination thereof, according to an embodiment ofthe present invention. Each of the information control paths candistribute a portion of the total input information entropy augmented bythe non-linear mappings of the algorithms from trans-impedance circuit124. In an embodiment, the information control paths can be furtherpartitioned into an upper branch circuitry and a lower branch circuitryto accommodate particular technologies and applications.

Based on the description herein, a person skilled in the relevant artwill recognize that other types of data streams can provide theinformation stream to trans-impedance circuit 124. These other types ofdata streams are within the spirit and scope of the embodimentsdescribed herein.

In referring to FIG. 1, in an embodiment, energy converter 120 isconfigured to transfer energy from power source 110 to an RF carrier byvarying the impedance of an RF output to create a trans-impedance node126 that can directly convert the energy from power source 110.Trans-impedance node 126 generates an RF signal and operates as an RFswitching power supply (e.g., DC to RF switching power supply or AC toRF switching power supply), according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. In turn, trans-impedance node 126 provides an efficienttransfer of energy from power supply 110 to an RF carrier at RF Poutnode 160. FIG. 2 is an illustration of energy conversion system 100 withexemplary waveforms at an input to energy converter 120 (e.g., DCwaveform), trans-impedance node 126, and RF Pout node 160.

Trans-impedance node 126 has a complex impedance that is dynamic innature and also has a one-to-one correspondence with a modulationcomplex envelope, according to an embodiment of the present invention.The impedance of trans-impedance node 126 is complex such that phase andmagnitude of the modulation complex envelope can be rendered at RF Poutnode 160. The real component of the impedance to ground attrans-impedance node 126 is managed to minimize real power loss given areal load. Since the load has at least a partially real component, anoptimal conjugate match to trans-impedance circuit 124, reactive element122, and power supply 110 is obtained through matching network 130 andthe effective impedance of trans-impedance node 126 also having a realcomponent. The complex component of the impedance of trans-impedancenode 126 does not consume power, but can alter the power conveyed to theload. Likewise, a real component of zero ohms or infinity does notconsume power at trans-impedance node 126.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of energy conversion system 100 with anembodiment of trans-impedance circuit 124. For simplicity purposes,control circuit 150 is not depicted in FIG. 3. Trans-impedance circuit124 includes a multiple input/single output (MISO) operator 310, inwhich MISO operator 310 includes multiple inputs configured to provideone or more functions to control trans-impedance node 126. In anembodiment, the multiple inputs to MISO operator 310 can be informationcontrol paths partitioned into an upper branch and a lower branch, asdiscussed above. The information control paths that serve as inputs toMISO operator 310 can be directly or indirectly utilized by MISOoperator 310 to integrate the original information entropy (e.g.,provided by control circuit 150) in a form that optimally controls thecomplex impedance of trans-impedance node 126. Each baseband informationinput sample to MISO operator 310 can have a corresponding uniquecomplex impedance sample at trans-impedance node 126, according to anembodiment of the present invention. This is because trans-impedancenode 126 is at a location in energy converter 120 that corresponds tothe culmination of a mathematical operation. Thus, MISO operator 310 canbe considered as applying a mathematical “function” or “operation” tothe information control paths (e.g., inputs to MISO operator 310) suchthat the impedance at trans-impedance node 126 can vary.

Exemplary details on the operation of MISO operator 310 and relatedconcepts can be in U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,723 to Sorrells et al., U.S. Pat.No. 7,355,470 to Sorrells et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,272 toSorrells et al., all of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

In referring to FIG. 3, in an embodiment, RF carrier phase and magnitudeenvelope are generated from power source 110 (e.g., a AC or DC powersource) and energy reactive element 122 of energy converter 120. Energyreactive element 122 interacts with the dynamic nature oftrans-impedance node 126. The load at RF Pout node 160 is AC coupled sothat an average waveform value generated by the interaction betweenpower supply 110, energy reactive element 122, and trans-impedance node126 can be blocked while permitting RF currents to flow to the load. Inan embodiment, with MISO operator 310, power flow can be minimized intotrans-impedance node 360 towards the MISO operator and maximized towardsthe load. In addition, undesired harmonics and spurious responses can bereduced by matching network 130.

In contrast to the MISO operator implementation of FIG. 3, a traditionalamplifier implementation significantly differs in operation. Forexample, the traditional amplifier would receive an RF input signal at aspecific power and frequency, add power from a power source, andincrease the power of the RF input signal at the amplifier's output togenerate a desired RF output signal. In the case of the traditionalamplifier, the input frequency and information content of the complexcarrier envelope should not be altered significantly to allow theamplifier to generate the desired RF output signal. Energy converter120, however, is an apparatus that is configured to convert energy frompower source 110 to a dynamic impedance at trans-impedance node 126through algorithms of MISO operator 310 and control circuit 150 (notshown in FIG. 3), according to an embodiment of the present invention.Using this process, minimal energy flows into MISO operator 310 viatrans-impedance node 126 and maximal energy flows to the load. Further,unlike the traditional amplifier, the inputs to MISO operator 310 arenot amplified. Rather, the inputs to MISO operator are used to controltrans-impedance node 126 to generate a desired RF output signal.

Due to the dynamic nature of trans-impedance node 126, as discussedabove, a variable dynamic load line is created by energy converter 120.Before discussing the variable dynamic load line of energy converter120, the concept of a fixed load line will be discussed in order tohighlight the differences between the two types of load lines.

The fixed load line is a specific means for mapping a transfercharacteristic for a given input waveform to an amplifier's outputwaveform. The meaning has universally been applied to various electricalapplications such as, for example, vacuum tube and transistor amplifiercircuits. In one example, for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), aload line can relate collector current and collector voltage to theBJT's transfer characteristic through the reflection of a locus ofpoints whose domain is projected or mapped into the collector voltageand current, constrained by the base current of the transistor. That is,variation of the base current corresponds to variation of collectorcurrent and voltage, given a particular load, for a common emitterconfiguration of a BJT amplifier. FIG. 4 is an illustration of anexemplary set of fixed load lines 400 for a BJT, each tailored forvarying operational conditions, depicted by defined slopes. As would beunderstood by a person skilled in the relevant art, field-effecttransistors (FETs) as well as BJTs can be characterized in this manner.

In reference to FIG. 4, set of fixed load lines 400 is used when onlythe input operating bias currents I_(B) _(k) of the BJT vary. Theintersection of the I_(B) curves and the load line may be reflectedhorizontally and projected to intersect the vertical or I_(C) axis.Likewise, the intersection of the I_(B) curves and the load line may bereflected vertically to project an intersection with the horizontal orV_(C) axis as well. In this manner, an operating region for thetransistor is established for a corresponding variation of I_(B).

In contrast to set of fixed load lines 400 depicted in FIG. 4, a loadline is considered variable and/or dynamic when its slope changes.Different classes of amplifiers are accompanied by different load linesand different static or quiescent operating points along the load line,as would be understood by a person skilled in the relevant art. Asdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 3, MISO operator 310 is not atraditional amplifier. As such, the term “variable dynamic load line” isused herein to highlight the differences between the fixed load lines ofthe traditional amplifier and the characteristic load lines generated byMISO operator 310. Therefore, based on the description herein, a personskilled in the relevant art will recognize distinctions between thedefinition for “variable dynamic load line” and traditional or legacydefinitions of amplifier load lines.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an exemplary set of variable dynamic loadlines 500 generated by MISO operator 310 of FIG. 3, according to anembodiment of the present invention. In reference to FIGS. 3 and 5,I_(L) _(MISO) is the current flowing from the power source toward MISOoperator 310 and RF Pout node 160. V_(L) _(MISO) is the voltage attrans-impedance node 126 whenever power source 110 and RF Pout node 160are connected via energy converter 120. V_(Pk) represents a family ofcurves relating the instantaneous amplitude of the signal to bereproduced to the effective trans-impedance V_(L) _(MISO) /I_(L) _(MISO). In an embodiment, energy converter 120 can be tailored “on the fly”per sample to simultaneously modify the slope as V_(Pk) increases, thusmaking the load line variable and/or dynamic.

The trajectory or locus of points through this space is illustrated inFIG. 5 for the composite affect. This composite affect produced by MISOoperator 310 produces a variable dynamic load line. MISO operator 310can be programmed to permit any trajectory through this space, accordingto an embodiment of the present invention. A typical trajectory isillustrated in FIG. 5 for exemplary and explanation purposes and it isnot meant to be limiting.

As discussed above, energy converter 120 can vary its load line inreal-time. As a result, energy converter 120 can continuously createvariable classes of RF amplification—e.g., from linear RF amplificationto switch mode RF amplifier classes, as well as hybrid modes. As wouldbe understood by a person skilled in the relevant art, the most linearclass is A and there are several classes which are nonlinear such as,for example, classes E, F, and D. Class S by the strictest definition isnot an amplifier class; rather, it is a modulator class. However, theattributes of the output stages of a class S modulator are oftenassociated with nonlinear amplification.

The dynamic nature of energy converter 120, as discussed above,introduces an apparatus that can operate over a continuum of classes, asenergy converter 120 permits a continuum of points along a continuum ofload lines. At any instant, the operating point of energy converter 120may or may not correspond to traditional or legacy definitions foramplifier classes (e.g., classes A, D, E, and F). However, as would beunderstood by a person skilled in the relevant art, the conduction angleat any instance in time and at any operating point can be determined forenergy converter 120 and, thus, can be related to a traditional orlegacy amplifier class definition.

From the view of attempting to categorize the dynamic nature of energyconverter 120, it is recommended that whenever the analogy (from theview of classical amplifier design) of class transitioning is used thenthe sequences depicted in FIG. 6 should be considered for theembodiments disclosed herein. Furthermore, in the case of a MISO-baseddesign (e.g., MISO operator 310 of FIG. 3), the MISO class is ananalogous term based on the variable dynamic load line concept discussedabove and is not meant to necessarily imply that an actual amplifiermust be employed as a MISO function. The IEEE recognizes and providesprecise definitions for amplifier classes. Based on the descriptionherein, a person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that theclass of operation for energy converter 120 is not restricted to thosedefinitions and can accommodate by definition a trajectory of pointsthrough the analogous variable dynamic load line space.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an embodiment of a method 700 for energyconversion. The steps of FIG. 7 can be performed using, for example,energy conversion system 100 of FIGS. 1-3.

In step 710, energy is transferred from a reactive element to atrans-impedance node. In an embodiment, the transferred energy can bederived from an AC power source or a DC power source such as, forexample, power source 110 of FIGS. 1-3.

In step 720, a trans-impedance circuit receives one or more controlsignals. In an embodiment, the one or more control signals can beintegrated into a function or operation of a multiple input/singleoutput (MISO) operator (e.g., MISO operator 310 of FIG. 3).

In step 730, an impedance of the trans-impedance node can be dynamicallyadjusted by the trans-impedance circuit. As a result, thetrans-impedance node can operate as an RF switching power supply basedon the one or more control signals, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention. In an embodiment, the dynamically adjusting step caninclude reducing power flow into the trans-impedance node towards theMISO operator and increasing power flow towards an output away from theMISO operator. Further, in an embodiment, the dynamically adjusting stepcan include generating a plurality of variable dynamic load lines at thetrans-impedance node based on the one or more control signals.

It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and notthe Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpretthe claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or morebut not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention ascontemplated by the inventors, and thus, are not intended to limit thepresent invention and the appended claims in any way.

Embodiments of the present invention have been described above with theaid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation ofspecified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of thesefunctional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for theconvenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined solong as the specified functions and relationships thereof areappropriately performed.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fullyreveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applyingknowledge within the skill of the relevant art, readily modify and/oradapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undueexperimentation, without departing from the general concept of thepresent invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications areintended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of thedisclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presentedherein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminologyherein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, suchthat the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is tobe interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings andguidance.

The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited byany of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be definedonly in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a power source thatprovides electrical power; an energy converter, coupled to the powersource, the energy converter including: a trans-impedance node; areactive circuit element configured to transfer energy from the powersource to the trans-impedance node; and a trans-impedance circuitconfigured to receive one or more control signals and to dynamicallyadjust an impedance of the trans-impedance node, wherein thetrans-impedance node generates an RF signal based on the one or morecontrol signals; a matching network, coupled to the energy converter,the matching network providing an impedance path between the energyconverter and an output node; and an antenna, coupled to the matchingnetwork, that transmits a modulated RF carrier signal.
 2. The apparatusas claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactive circuit element is aninductor.
 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactivecircuit element stores and transfers energy from an AC or a DC powersource to the trans-impedance node.
 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim1, wherein trans-impedance circuit includes multiple input single outputcircuit.
 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the energyconverter continuously generates variable classes of RF amplification.6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the classes of RFamplification include linear amplification, switch mode amplificationand hybrid modes of amplification.
 7. The apparatus as claimed in claim1, wherein the dynamic adjustment includes reducing power flow into thetrans-impedance node.